Decimals
Decimals are Really Just Fractions
Decimal notation is just a shorthand way of expressing certain fractions, namely those fractions with denominators that are powers of 10. For example, consider the number 2.345
Because of the place-values of the decimal digits, this really means
Converting Decimals to Fractions
Because all the denominators are powers of 10, it is very easy to add thesefractions by finding a common denominator. In this example, the common denominator is 1000, and we get
This suggests a general rule for converting a decimal number to its fraction form:
- Put all the digitsover the denominator that corresponds to the last decimal place value.
In the number 2.345, the last decimal place value is the thousandths place, so we put the digits 2345 over the denominator 1000.
Of course we would usually want to reduce the resulting fraction to itssimplest form. In this case
Repeating Fractions
The only time this method does not work is for repeating fractions. We know that 1/3 = 0.3333333… but how could we go from 0.3333333… back to 1/3? There is no ‘last decimal place’ because the decimals repeat forever. Fortunately, there is a simple trick for this:
· Put the repeating digit over a denominator of 9.
So we see that in the case of 0.3333333…., the repeating digit is 3, and we make the fraction 3/9, which reduces to 1/3.
If there is a group of more than one digit that repeats,
- Put the repeating group of digits over as many 9’s as there are digits.
For example, in the fraction
we see that the group of digits ‘15’ repeats, so we put ‘15’ over a denominator of ‘99’ to get
o One warning: This only works for the repeating fraction part of a number. If you have a number like 2.33333…, you should just work with the decimal part and rejoin it with the whole partafter you have converted it to a fraction.
o Irrational numbers like p or have non-repeating decimals, and so they cannot be written as fractions. You can, however, round them off at some point and produce an approximate fraction for them.
Converting Fractions to Decimals
We know the decimal equivalents for some common fractions without having to think about it: 1/2 = 0.5, 3/4 = 0.75, etc. But how do we arrive at these numbers? Remember that the fraction bar means the same thing as
division.
- To convert a fraction to a decimal, do the division.
For example,
You can do the division with a calculator or by hand with long division.
Rounding
- Look only one digit to
the right - ‘5’s or higher round
up (there is some dispute about this rule, but it is good enough for most
purposes)
Example: Round 11.3826 to the nearest hundredth. Solution: The hundredths place is where the ‘8’ is. We look one digit to the right and see a ‘2’, so we do not round up, leaving us with 11.38.
Example: Round 11.3826 to the nearest thousandth. Solution: The thousandths place is where the ‘2’ is. We look one place to the right and see a ‘6’, so we round the ‘2’ up, getting 11.383.
Trouble with ‘9’s.
If the digit you are rounding up is a ‘9’, then rounding it up will make it a ‘10’, which is too big for one place. What happens is that the extra ‘1’ gets added to the place to the left.
Example: Round 3.49721 to the nearest hundredth. Solution: The hundredth place has a ‘9’ in it. One step to the right is a ‘7’, so we have to round up. This makes the ‘9’ into a ‘10’, but we really can’t write the new number as 3.4(10). Instead, the extra‘1’ moves one place to the left and is added to the ‘4’, giving us 3.50.
- It can happen that the place to the left contains another ‘9’, in which case the extra ‘1’ will cause it to become a ‘10’, which pushes the ‘1’ still further on to the next place to the left.
Example: Round 75.69996217 to the nearest ten-thousandth Solution: The ten-thousandths place is the last ‘9’ in the number, and the place to its right is a ‘6’, which means we round up. This makes the ‘9’ into a ‘10’, like this: 75.699(10) But of course we cannot put a ‘10’ in that place, so the ‘1’ moves to the left and gets added to the ‘9’ there, making it into a ‘10’: 75.69(10)0 This leaves us with the same problem, a ‘10’ in one decimal place, so the extra ‘1’ moves one more step to the left, turning that ‘9’ into a ‘10’: 75.6(10)00 Well, we still have the same problem, so we move the ‘1’ yet another step to the left, where it adds on to the ‘6’, finally leaving us with an acceptable answer: 75.7000In general,
· The extra ‘1’ migrates to the left until it finds a resting-place. This means that the ‘1’ moves to the left until it can be added to a digit less than ‘9’, or until it falls off the end as a new digit out in front.
Example: Round 999.96 to the nearest tenth.The digit to the right of the tenths place is a ‘6’, so we have to round up. But when we round up the ‘9’ it becomes a ‘10’, forcing the one to be added to the left. Unfortunately, we find another ‘9’ there and the process is repeated for each of the ‘9’s until we reach the leading ‘9’, which becomes a ‘10’ resulting in 1000.0
Arithmetic with Decimals
Although calculators have made it much easier to do arithmetic with decimal numbers, it is nice to know that you can still do it without a calculator.
Addition and Subtraction
To add or subtract decimal numbers, you use the familiar column method that you learned back in grade school. To use this method, the place values of the two numbers must be lined up. This means that the decimal points must be lined up, and you can fill in with zeros if one number has more decimal places than the other.
Example: 5.46 + 11.2 Becomes:
Multiplication
To multiply two decimal numbers, you can use the column method just as you would with whole numbers. You ignore the decimal points as you carry out the multiplication, and then you put the decimal point in the result at the correct place. The product will have the number of decimal places as the total number of decimal places in the factors. In the following example, the first factor has 2 decimal places and the second factor has 1 decimal place, so the product must have 3 decimal places:
Division
You can divide decimal numbers using the familiar (?)technique of long division. This can be awkward, though, because it is hard to guess at products of decimals (long division, you may recall, is basically a guess-and-check technique). It can be made easier by multiplying both the dividend and divisor by ‘10’s to make the divisor a whole number. This will not change the result of the division, because division is the same thing as fractions, and multiplying both the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same number will not change the value of the fraction. For example, consider
This is the same as thefraction , which is equivalent to the fraction , obtained by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 10. Thus , which can be attacked with long division: